Lumpy Skin Disease
"LSD"
Definition of the disease :
Lumpy Skin Disease " LSD " is a serious viral infection of cattle and transmitted mainly through insect bites and is clinically characterized by fever and sudden onset of nodules on almost all parts of the animal's skin with inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, edema of the legs and chest prolapse. Prolonged disease cycle causes an increasing loss of the condition of infected animals such as wasting, low milk production, infertility and skin damage.
Pathogens :
Lumpy Skin Disease virus " Neethling " the DNA is Dioxide ribosomes belongs to pox of sheep and goats and is very similar to the pox virus in sheep and goat .
The Lumpy Skin Disease virus resists heat and environmental effects to a certain extent and can survive in dry crusts of skin lesions and in salted skin for as long as 33 days. The virus is affected by ether, chloroform . It is sensitive to the following disinfectants: sodium hydroxide solution 2%, sodium carbonate solution 4%, formalin 2% and lysol 2%.
Sources and methods of transmission of the disease :
The disease is transmitted through insect bites such as flies and mosquitoes, and some other insects can transmit the disease mechanically .It is not common for the disease to be transmitted through direct contact , water and feed, although the virus is present in the nasal and lacrimal secretions, saliva and semen as in skin lesions.
Animal susceptibility :
It is believed that cows are the only natural host to be exposed to severe infections and nodules , which is more severe and accompanied by higher percentages among young calves, where the disease appears in its typical form and epidemics usually occur in the season of insects spread .
Symptoms of the disease:
• The period of incubation in cattle ranges between 2 - 4 weeks and the incidence rate is between 5 - 50% and mortality rate is low at a maximum of 10% and the disease cycle is long ranging between 5-7 weeks.
• The disease is characterized by a sudden rise in the temperature of 40 - 41 m may continue for 14 days and often has two stages accompanied by the failure to eat and show a nodules " lumpus " of skin after the start of the second phase of fever under the anus, genitalia and the udder and may extend to most parts of the body of the animal.
• These nodules may disappear to appear elsewhere in the animal's body or continue and often cause bruises in the areas of the skin is very severe where these parts fall to the ground leaving opened high-pitched ulcers called "Sit fast", which turns into dry shells within 2-3 weeks unless secondary infections to theses areas with bacteria occurs .
• The disease is also characterized by inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and the emergence of painful and persistent nodules in one leg or more legs of the animal and the chest and perhaps the head and the genitals.
• The disease also causes flat or prominent white discoloration foci. It also causes erosion in the mucous membranes of the digestive system and the upper part of the respiratory system, as well as the eye, causing severe salivation, nasal and tear nasal discharge, conjunctivitis and cornea, sometimes causing mucous breathing.
• The infected animal become slow in movement and lose a large part of its weight and low milk production or may stop completely.
• Pregnant Cattle may have abortion with the appearance of skin lesions on the fetus.
• Some complications may occur, such as diarrhea, lameness, fatal pneumonia or abortion followed by infertility, as well as infertility in males for 4-6 months. Pests can cause obstruction of the respiratory tract, leading to death, especially in calves.
Post Mortum Lesions " P.m Lesions " :
• Streptococcal skin lesions include subcutaneous tissue and sometimes adjacent muscles and may extend to the pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, groin, glandular stomach, as well as the uterine wall.
• Soft yellow-gray lumps may appear from the ulcerated mucous tissue on the mucous membrane of the digestive system and the upper part of the respiratory tract.
Diagnosis of Lumpy Skin Disease :
• Lumpy Skin Disease can be suspected of its model and epidemiological symptoms and streptococcal skin disease characterized with systemic symptoms in cows of different ages without the rest of the animals and the disease is not affected by drugs or chemicals .
• Samples for laboratory testing:
• To isolate the virus, skin lesions and lymphatic glands are frozen or suspended in the preservative medium and antibiotics or in equal glycerol as well as nasal swabs.
• A pair of serum samples are collected, the first during the first two days of fever and the second after two weeks for serological tests.
• For histopathological examination, parts of the dermal nodule and of the lymph nodes are collected in a suspension of 15% formalin solution.
• Laboratory diagnosis is performed by isolating the virus on the korean membrane of embryos of chicken eggs or tissue farms, which causes pathological effects on cells and the appearance of cytoplasmic cytoplasmic bodies that can be monitored by histopathological examination. The skin nodules can be examined with the electron microscopy. The shift in the level of antibodies can be monitored by fluorescent test or test Tie the chapel but an immunohistochemistry may occur with any other smallpox viruses and the classification of the virus qualitatively needs modern immunological techniques. Under severe stone procedures, calves can be injected with the extract of the skin lesions where the symptoms appear and isolate the virus.
Comparative diagnosis " Differential Diagnosis ":
Diagnosis may be confused between the disease in its early stages or in modified cases with false nodal dermatitis, which requires laboratory isolation. However, Pseudo lumpy skin disease " Pseudo pox " is often benign and less severe and the
Skin lesions are more common on the udder and nipples and include only the superficial layer of the skin .
also pseudo Lumpy Skin Disease nodules usually goes shrinking and sometimes it heal without leaving scars on the skin. The disease should be distinguished from allergy, dermatitis, osmosis, photosynthesis and also from chickenpox, fungal skin infections and cases of hypoderma.
Immunization:
Most cattle that are cured of the disease are believed to acquire strong immunity and calves also acquire immunity to the disease from mother through colostrum .
Treatment of Lumpy Skin Disease:
The nearest veterinary authority should be notified of any suspected cases so that the responsible authorities can take the necessary action. The disease has no specific treatment of its own, but the antibiotics limit the bacterial complications. This is in addition to the symptomatic and supportive treatment.
Control of Lumpy Skin Disease :
• In the country where the disease is endemic, many measures are taken to reduce the occurrence and incidence of the disease:
• Suspected animals should be isolated in insect-protected pens and vaccination of the adjacent animals .
• Disposal of carcasses of dead animals and skins burned or buried .
• Spray the animal with effective insecticides and disinfect the barns with 2% sodium hydroxide solution .
• The semen should be collected from infection-free and symptom-free bulls for at least 28 days after collection .
• All cows over 6 old Months must be vaccinated against Lumpy Skin Disease to give them immunity for up to 3 years.
There is two types of vaccines against Lumpy Skin Disease :
• The attenuated Lumpy Skin Disease vaccine : The vaccine is effective and is administered by subcutaneous route .
• Attenuated sheep pox vaccine, which is used effectively in the prevention of Lumpy Skin Disease but should be used only in endemic countries.
• In the disease-free country, many measures are taken to prevent the disease from entering:
• Prevent the importation of all farm animals and wild animals, especially cattle and semen from countries a Where the disease is endemic.
• Imported animals should be kept in quarantine and veterinary surveillance for at least 28 days.
Definition of the disease :
Lumpy Skin Disease " LSD " is a serious viral infection of cattle and transmitted mainly through insect bites and is clinically characterized by fever and sudden onset of nodules on almost all parts of the animal's skin with inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, edema of the legs and chest prolapse. Prolonged disease cycle causes an increasing loss of the condition of infected animals such as wasting, low milk production, infertility and skin damage.
Pathogens :
Lumpy Skin Disease virus " Neethling " the DNA is Dioxide ribosomes belongs to pox of sheep and goats and is very similar to the pox virus in sheep and goat .
The Lumpy Skin Disease virus resists heat and environmental effects to a certain extent and can survive in dry crusts of skin lesions and in salted skin for as long as 33 days. The virus is affected by ether, chloroform . It is sensitive to the following disinfectants: sodium hydroxide solution 2%, sodium carbonate solution 4%, formalin 2% and lysol 2%.
Sources and methods of transmission of the disease :
The disease is transmitted through insect bites such as flies and mosquitoes, and some other insects can transmit the disease mechanically .It is not common for the disease to be transmitted through direct contact , water and feed, although the virus is present in the nasal and lacrimal secretions, saliva and semen as in skin lesions.
Animal susceptibility :
It is believed that cows are the only natural host to be exposed to severe infections and nodules , which is more severe and accompanied by higher percentages among young calves, where the disease appears in its typical form and epidemics usually occur in the season of insects spread .
Symptoms of the disease:
• The period of incubation in cattle ranges between 2 - 4 weeks and the incidence rate is between 5 - 50% and mortality rate is low at a maximum of 10% and the disease cycle is long ranging between 5-7 weeks.
• The disease is characterized by a sudden rise in the temperature of 40 - 41 m may continue for 14 days and often has two stages accompanied by the failure to eat and show a nodules " lumpus " of skin after the start of the second phase of fever under the anus, genitalia and the udder and may extend to most parts of the body of the animal.
• These nodules may disappear to appear elsewhere in the animal's body or continue and often cause bruises in the areas of the skin is very severe where these parts fall to the ground leaving opened high-pitched ulcers called "Sit fast", which turns into dry shells within 2-3 weeks unless secondary infections to theses areas with bacteria occurs .
• The disease is also characterized by inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and the emergence of painful and persistent nodules in one leg or more legs of the animal and the chest and perhaps the head and the genitals.
• The disease also causes flat or prominent white discoloration foci. It also causes erosion in the mucous membranes of the digestive system and the upper part of the respiratory system, as well as the eye, causing severe salivation, nasal and tear nasal discharge, conjunctivitis and cornea, sometimes causing mucous breathing.
• The infected animal become slow in movement and lose a large part of its weight and low milk production or may stop completely.
• Pregnant Cattle may have abortion with the appearance of skin lesions on the fetus.
• Some complications may occur, such as diarrhea, lameness, fatal pneumonia or abortion followed by infertility, as well as infertility in males for 4-6 months. Pests can cause obstruction of the respiratory tract, leading to death, especially in calves.
Post Mortum Lesions " P.m Lesions " :
• Streptococcal skin lesions include subcutaneous tissue and sometimes adjacent muscles and may extend to the pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, groin, glandular stomach, as well as the uterine wall.
• Soft yellow-gray lumps may appear from the ulcerated mucous tissue on the mucous membrane of the digestive system and the upper part of the respiratory tract.
Diagnosis of Lumpy Skin Disease :
• Lumpy Skin Disease can be suspected of its model and epidemiological symptoms and streptococcal skin disease characterized with systemic symptoms in cows of different ages without the rest of the animals and the disease is not affected by drugs or chemicals .
• Samples for laboratory testing:
• To isolate the virus, skin lesions and lymphatic glands are frozen or suspended in the preservative medium and antibiotics or in equal glycerol as well as nasal swabs.
• A pair of serum samples are collected, the first during the first two days of fever and the second after two weeks for serological tests.
• For histopathological examination, parts of the dermal nodule and of the lymph nodes are collected in a suspension of 15% formalin solution.
• Laboratory diagnosis is performed by isolating the virus on the korean membrane of embryos of chicken eggs or tissue farms, which causes pathological effects on cells and the appearance of cytoplasmic cytoplasmic bodies that can be monitored by histopathological examination. The skin nodules can be examined with the electron microscopy. The shift in the level of antibodies can be monitored by fluorescent test or test Tie the chapel but an immunohistochemistry may occur with any other smallpox viruses and the classification of the virus qualitatively needs modern immunological techniques. Under severe stone procedures, calves can be injected with the extract of the skin lesions where the symptoms appear and isolate the virus.
Comparative diagnosis " Differential Diagnosis ":
Diagnosis may be confused between the disease in its early stages or in modified cases with false nodal dermatitis, which requires laboratory isolation. However, Pseudo lumpy skin disease " Pseudo pox " is often benign and less severe and the
Skin lesions are more common on the udder and nipples and include only the superficial layer of the skin .
also pseudo Lumpy Skin Disease nodules usually goes shrinking and sometimes it heal without leaving scars on the skin. The disease should be distinguished from allergy, dermatitis, osmosis, photosynthesis and also from chickenpox, fungal skin infections and cases of hypoderma.
Immunization:
Most cattle that are cured of the disease are believed to acquire strong immunity and calves also acquire immunity to the disease from mother through colostrum .
Treatment of Lumpy Skin Disease:
The nearest veterinary authority should be notified of any suspected cases so that the responsible authorities can take the necessary action. The disease has no specific treatment of its own, but the antibiotics limit the bacterial complications. This is in addition to the symptomatic and supportive treatment.
Control of Lumpy Skin Disease :
• In the country where the disease is endemic, many measures are taken to reduce the occurrence and incidence of the disease:
• Suspected animals should be isolated in insect-protected pens and vaccination of the adjacent animals .
• Disposal of carcasses of dead animals and skins burned or buried .
• Spray the animal with effective insecticides and disinfect the barns with 2% sodium hydroxide solution .
• The semen should be collected from infection-free and symptom-free bulls for at least 28 days after collection .
• All cows over 6 old Months must be vaccinated against Lumpy Skin Disease to give them immunity for up to 3 years.
There is two types of vaccines against Lumpy Skin Disease :
• The attenuated Lumpy Skin Disease vaccine : The vaccine is effective and is administered by subcutaneous route .
• Attenuated sheep pox vaccine, which is used effectively in the prevention of Lumpy Skin Disease but should be used only in endemic countries.
• In the disease-free country, many measures are taken to prevent the disease from entering:
• Prevent the importation of all farm animals and wild animals, especially cattle and semen from countries a Where the disease is endemic.
• Imported animals should be kept in quarantine and veterinary surveillance for at least 28 days.
